In late summer 2017, a 21-year-old African American woman without previous medical problems or sexual activity presented with 6 weeks of intermittent high-grade fevers, painful vulvar lesions, 20-lb weight loss, fatigue, and malaise. At symptom onset, she experienced tender acneiform-like nodules on the face and sternum, and painful blistering of the lower lip that had healed by time of presentation. Physical examination revealed a cachectic woman with a disheveled appearance. There was no evidence of iritis or uveitis, though bilateral retinal vasculitis with small focal areas of retinal hemorrhage were visualized on ophthalmological examination. Oral examination did not reveal any aphthous ulcers, though dry mucous membranes were discovered. There was no alopecia. A careful palpatory evaluation was performed in conjunction with a 30-second Chapman's reflex (CR) visceral screening examination.⁴ Notable findings included anterior cervical and inguinal lymphadenopathy. Lymph nodes were painful, warm, and moderately enlarged, measuring approximately 1 to 2 cm. She was also found to have multiple vulvar ulcerations. The 30-second visceral screening examination was without acute findings. Given the patient's lymphadenopathy of the neck, the physician (J.A.) decided to evaluate for specific CR corresponding to this region of the body. The physician applied firm digital pressure to the right medial humerus. The soft tissue in this area was both edematous and ropy, measuring about the size of an almond. The area overlying this CR was granular in quality and accompanied by slight pain endorsed by the patient without radiation. Given establishment of the positive anterior CR, a posterior CR was palpated for confirmation. Similar findings were demonstrated at the left transverse process of T3-T5, though pain was less intense. No radiation of pain was endorsed by the patient. Given the location in the soft tissue, palpatory quality, and distinct pain characteristics, a CR was validated (Figure 1).⁴ 

Initial screening labs were obtained (Table). Computed tomography (CT) of the patient's neck revealed enlargement of multiple cervical lymph nodes, including an enlarged right supraclavicular lymph node and a right level 2b node, demonstrating a low-density center concerning for a neoplastic process (Figure 2). An excisional cervical lymph node biopsy was performed with simultaneous biopsies of the vulvar ulcerations and nodular skin lesion overlying the sternum. Histology of the right cervical lymph node revealed architecture distorted by large areas of histiocytes with prominent karyorrhectic debris (Figure 3). Histiocytes were noted to have abundant pink cytoplasm and frequent crescent-shaped nuclei in combination with a paucity of neutrophils and eosinophils. Other areas of the lymph node had mildly expanded paracortical T-cell zones with scattered immunoblasts and plasma cells. By paraffin immunohistochemistry, the histocytes were positive for CD68, CD163, and myeloperoxidase. CD123 highlighted an increased number of plasmacytoid dendritic cells present singly and in discrete aggregates. Findings were consistent with KFD; however, lupus lymphadenitis (LL) was also considered histologically. 

Shave biopsy of the left posterior labia minora was noted to have brisk dermal neutrophilic infiltrate; sebaceous glands were noted to be very edematous (Figure 4). These histologic findings were not specific. Flow cytometry was negative, and malignancy was excluded. Rheumatologic work up revealed positive serologies for antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti-Smith antibody, and low complement. A positive ribonucleoprotein (RNP) was also noted (Table). Pathergy test was negative. Infectious etiologies were considered but ruled out based on absence of positive laboratory findings or blood cultures. Rheumatic conditions considered included KFD, SLE, subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE), Behcet's disease, mixed connective tissue diseases, and periodic fever syndrome. 

Given the histological findings on biopsy in correlation with the patient's physical exam and history, a provisional diagnosis of KFD was made, and she was treated with colchicine, hydroxychloroquine, and prednisone, resulting in improvement of her symptoms. At follow up 5 months after presentation, she was found to have new nonscarring alopecia and lymphopenia, further indicating systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) based on 2012 diagnostic criteria and new diagnostic criteria published by the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) in 2019.^5,6 

KFD is a rare syndrome presenting with nonspecific symptoms and characterized by regional necrotizing lymphadenitis. It is usually a benign and self-limited disease process, but may be a harbinger for the onset of SLE. Published reviews estimate that 30% of KFD cases will develop SLE and that it will occur concurrently with or after SLE presentation in 47% and 23% of cases, respectively.^1-3 Clinical reviews have postulated that KFD may be an incomplete phase of lupus lymphadenitis (LL); however, the histologic findings differ.^1-3,7 A lag time of 10 months to 3 years has been observed between the diagnosis of KFD and the subsequent onset of SLE.³ Regular follow-up visits are required for patients with KFD, with the goal of early detection for potential relapses and onsets of SLE. Even without the occurrence of SLE, these patients should still be followed at proper intervals, since recurrences of KFD itself can also continue to occur for many years.² 

Our case illustrates that diagnosis relies heavily on the successful procurement and evaluation of histological tissue within the lymph node.^8,9 There are several key characteristics to distinguish between KFD and LL on histology. It is commonly accepted that hematoxyphilic bodies, DNA deposits in the walls of the vessels, and areas of vasculitis surrounding the necrotic foci are most representative of LL.^1,2,8 Hematoxylin bodies are the most specific histologic feature of SLE lymphadenopathy.⁸ Features suggestive of KFD include geographic necrosis, karyorrhectic fragments, absence of neutrophils/eosinophils.^1,2,8 Histological examination also exhibits numerous CD68+/myeloperoxidase (MPO)+ histiocytes, CD68+/CD123+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and a minority of small- to large-sized CD8+lymphocytes and immunoblasts.¹¹ 

As mentioned, this patient was initially diagnosed with the 2012 criteria at the time of evaluation.⁵ With application of the updated 2019 criteria,⁶ it became clear that our patient developed the 2 diseases concurrently. Whether or not the 2 conditions amalgamate into a common disease spectrum is widely disputed.¹ Some have argued that this may be a prodromal form of lupus as opposed to a distinct disease.⁹ Additionally, it is not clear whether KFD cases associated with lupus skin disease are true KFD or a histopathologic feature of SLE. Nonspecific cutaneous manifestations like the nodules in our patient have been observed in up to 40% of cases, which further complicates diagnosis.¹⁰ It is recommended to obtain a skin biopsy whenever possible to differentiate KFD from SLE skin lesions.¹⁰ Our patient's lesions had resolved at the time of presentation, rendering that impossible. 

A primary limitation is that the pathological features of KFD and LL show significant overlap.³ The nature of the clinical and pathophysiological relationships between KFD and SLE remain a matter of debate.³ Whether KFD can be considered an atypical manifestation of SLE remains disputed.³ Despite this, it has been repeatedly cited that the basis of diagnosis relies on histological examination of the lymph nodes.^1,3 The literature's emphasis on this advanced testing supports the importance of a thorough physical examination with regularly scheduled follow-up for early detection of new onset lymphadenopathy that would present a target for biopsy should patients progress from KFD to SLE. 

Another key message communicated to us through this clinical encounter is the vital role of the palpatory examination in discovering underlying pathology and the potential role of CR for discovering early disease manifestations. CR results were a key consideration in advocating for further diagnostic evaluation in our patient, and no known device has been developed that exceeds the tactile sensitivity of the human hand.¹² Osteopathic structural examinations can be essential to discovering underlying acute inflammation and subsequent visceral dysfunction.^4,12,13 Interestingly, the patient's CR may have corresponded to visceral dysfunction within the regional lymph nodes of the neck.^4,13 CR are manifested by gangliform contractions, which are believed to be congestions within fascia due to lymph stasis secondary to visceral dysfunction.^4,13 Central to the pathophysiology of KFD is involvement of the lymph nodes. Acute inflammation is known to disrupt the homeostatic process in the interstitium and dramatically increase the burden on the lymphatic system.¹³ 

Given the importance of proper interval follow-up for KFD patients for development of SLE, osteopathic physicians may consider CR as a part of a screening or comprehensive osteopathic physical examination. Key features of CR are reviewed in Figure 2.⁴ CR may imply dysfunction of an organ system advancing the physician to pursue potential diagnostic imaging and subsequent biopsy.⁴ A previous study¹⁴ evaluated the association between somatic dysfunction and abnormal endoscopic findings. Recent literature has postulated that osteopathic indicators, specifically CR, may be valuable in detecting increased sympathetic tone before becoming physiologically evident; for example, a study¹⁵ regarding women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) suggested that earlier detection may represent an important window of intervention and possibly mitigate symptoms and sequalae associated with the disease process. Successful treatment of CR with manipulation and other forms of osteopathic manipulative treatment remains to be evaluated. Perhaps the largest limitation to studying these items in our patient is lack of disease prevalence. 

Although rare, KFD is an important entity for clinicians to be aware of because of its nonspecific symptoms, arduous diagnosis, and potential progression to SLE.¹⁶ This may be deadly if not diagnosed properly, as SLE requires aggressive immunosuppressive measures. Patients with SLE have mortality rates ranging from 2 to 5 times higher than that of the general population.^17,18 Conversely, KFD is generally managed with supportive measures such as antipyretics, though some patients may benefit from hydroxychloroquine with or without steroids.^3,16,19 The basis of its diagnosis relies on the histological examination of lymph nodes, which typically reveals necrosis surrounded by histiocytes with crescentic nucleus, immunoblasts and plasma cells, and absence of neutrophils.^1,3 

In this patient, the careful palpatory examination of the lymph nodes and CR were early indicators of underlying acute inflammation and were essential to advocate further invasive testing in this patient, which revealed evidence of this rare disease. Regularly scheduled evaluations for early detection of amendable targets for biopsy are critical to detect progression from KFD to SLE. The diagnosis relies heavily on successful procurement and evaluation of histological tissue within the lymph node. 

The authors would like to thank Fernando Silva, MD for contributing to the care of this patient.