Tsvieli O, Atoun E, Consigliere P, et al. Manipulation under anaesthetic for frozen shoulder using Codman's paradox: a safe and early return of function. International Orthopaedics (SICOT). 2018;42:339-344. 

Frozen shoulder, or adhesive capsulitis, is often self-limiting over the course of 2 to 3 years, though it can last longer or recur. Osteopathic manipulative treatment has been shown to improve pain and function related to frozen shoulder.¹ Manipulation under anesthesia (MUA) has been used for refractory cases by osteopathic physicians.² However, MUA is not without risks, and potential complications include fractures, dislocations, and nerve injuries. Researchers and surgeons from the United Kingdom aimed to limit complications during MUA by using the Codman paradox, a series of mobilizations that prevent direct rotational torque at the shoulder joint.