Abstract
Cesarean scars pose a unique set of risks for women who have had previous cesarean deliveries. Between 1996 and 2007, the rate of trial of labor after previous cesarean delivery increased, along with reported rates of uterine rupture and other complications. Consequently, trial of labor after previous cesarean delivery and resultant vaginal birth after cesarean delivery have decreased and cesarean delivery has increased. With nearly one-third of women having cesarean delivery, the rate of rare complications such as cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy has also increased. An integration of osteopathic manipulative treatment techniques into the management of cesarean deliveries and cesarean scars has yet to be defined. The author presents 4 cases of cesarean delivery in which osteopathic manipulative treatment was integrated with successful outcomes.
Between 1996 and 2007, the cesarean delivery rate in the United States increased from just over 20% to more than 31%.
1 The increased cesarean rate has been attributed to the use of electronic fetal monitoring, decreased use of forceps, and decreased vaginal deliveries of breech fetuses.
2 In the 1970s, data supported trial of labor after previous cesarean delivery (TOLAC) as a reasonable approach in certain pregnancies.
3 Thus, the overall cesarean delivery rate decreased to approximately 20% by 1996; however, because of increased rates of TOLAC in the 1970s, rates of uterine rupture and other complications also increased.
4 These adverse outcomes have resulted in a reversal of TOLAC, with a decrease in rates of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery (VBAC) and an increase in rates of cesarean delivery. By 2004, the VBAC rate had decreased to 9.2%.
5 Currently, the overall total cesarean delivery rate is 32.0%, a slight decrease from recent years.
6 The cesarean delivery rate has generally increased along with the rate of rare complications such as cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy. A 2004 case series
7 estimated an incidence of 1:2226 of all pregnancies, with a rate of 0.15% of cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies in women with a previous cesarean delivery and a rate of 6.1% of all ectopic pregnancies in women who had at least 1 cesarean delivery.
Cesarean scars pose a unique set of risks for women who have had previous cesarean deliveries, and an integration of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) into the management of cesarean scars has yet to be defined. I present 4 cases of cesarean delivery in which OMT was successfully integrated: primary cesarean delivery, repeated cesarean delivery, TOLAC, and cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy managed with methotrexate.
A 23-year-old woman (gravida 1, para 0) with a gestational age of 39 weeks presented to the Department of Labor and Delivery for a scheduled cesarean delivery because of fetal malpresentation. The patient’s prenatal course was unremarkable. She had a history of hypothyroidism and had not undergone any surgical procedures. Results of bedside abdominal ultrasonography and Leopold maneuvers indicated a fetal weight of 3200 g and a complete breech fetal position. Vital signs were found to be stable, and the patient had a body mass index (BMI) of 19. Complete blood cell count revealed hemoglobin and hematocrit levels to be 12.1 g/dL and 36.8%, respectively. An osteopathic structural examination (OSE) revealed that L1-5 were neutral, rotated right, sidebent left, and the sacrum was rotated left on the left oblique axis. Two Chapman points were found: 1 on the right between the posterior superior iliac spine and the transverse process of L5 and 1 below the greater trochanter on the right.
Myofascial release was performed on the planned Pfannenstiel incision site until strain was released, and the Chapman points were managed with rotary movement for 60 seconds. The patient was prepared for cesarean delivery with cefazolin for antibiotic prophylaxis, sequential compression devices for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis, and citric acid for gastrointestinal prophylaxis. In the operating room, a Pfannenstiel incision was made. The amniotic sac was incised and the fluid was noted to be clear. A 3290-g neonate was successfully delivered, with Apgar scores of 9/9 at 1 and 5 minutes without complication. The uterus was closed with a 2-layer closure technique; the peritoneum, muscle, and fascial layers were sutured; and the skin incision was closed using a subcuticular stitch. Estimated blood loss was 800 mL.
Osteopathic manipulative treatment techniques consisting of rib raising, paraspinal inhibition, and pectoral retraction were performed postoperatively. No uterine Chapman points were identified at this time. Postpartum hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were 10.8 g/dL and 30.5%, respectively. Two weeks later, this patient presented for postpartum follow-up with her newborn. Her incision was noted to be completely intact and healing well, and the patient was without complaint. An OSE revealed that L1-5 were neutral, rotated right, and sidebent left, and the sacrum was rotated left on the left occiput anterior. No uterine Chapman points were identified. Myofascial release was applied to the cesarean scar and lumbar and sacral anchors until strain was released.
A 39-year-old woman (gravida 7, para 6) with a gestational age of 39 weeks presented to the Department of Labor and Delivery for a scheduled cesarean delivery and bilateral tubal ligation. Her first pregnancy 10 years previously was a normal spontaneous vaginal delivery of a 3900-g neonate, and her second pregnancy the following year required cesarean delivery because of fetal macrosomia (estimated fetal weight, 4300 g). Her subsequent 4 cesarean deliveries were elective, and she refused TOLAC. The patient received a diagnosis of polyhydramnios at 33 weeks’ gestation that had since resolved. She had no notable medical or surgical history otherwise.
Results of bedside abdominal ultrasonography and Leopold maneuvers indicated a fetal weight of 4100 g, a vertex fetal position, and an amniotic fluid index of 15. Her vital signs were stable, and her BMI was 22. Complete blood cell count revealed hemoglobin and hematocrit levels to be 13.2 g/dL and 40.0%, respectively. An OSE found that L1-5 were neutral, rotated left, and sidebent right, and the sacral base was anterior. Chapman points were found bilaterally approximately 2 inches below the greater trochanters.
Myofascial release was performed on the previous cesarean scar and lumbar and sacral anchors until strain was released, and the Chapman points were managed with rotary movement for 60 seconds. The patient was prepared for cesarean delivery with cefazolin for antibiotic prophylaxis, sequential compression devices for deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis, and citric acid for gastrointestinal prophylaxis. In the operating room, a Pfannenstiel incision was made in the abdomen along the previous cesarean scar. Minor adhesions were lysed, and the incision was made in the uterus. The amniotic sac was incised, and the fluid was noted to be clear. The patient successfully gave birth to a 4210-g neonate, with Apgar scores of 9/9 at 1 and 5 minutes without complication. The uterus was closed with a 2-layer technique. The fallopian tubes were subsequently ligated using the Pomeroy technique. The peritoneum, muscle, and fascial layers were then closed, and the skin incision was closed using a subcuticular stitch. Estimated blood loss was noted to be 1000 mL.
Rib raising, paraspinal inhibition, and pectoral retraction were performed postoperatively. No uterine Chapman points were identified at this time. Postpartum hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were 12.4 g/dL and 37.3%, respectively. Two weeks later, the patient presented for postpartum follow-up. Her incision was noted to be completely intact and healing well. An OSE revealed that L1-5 were neutral, rotated right, and sidebent left, and the sacrum was rotated right on the right oblique axis. No uterine Chapman points were identified. Myofascial release of the cesarean scar and lumbar and sacral anchors was performed until strain was released.
A 25-year-old woman (gravida 2, para 1) with a gestational age of 41 weeks presented to the Department of Labor and Delivery with lower abdominal pain of 3 hours’ duration. The patient rated her pain as 8 on a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being the most painful. A pelvic examination revealed an intact pregnancy, the cervix dilated to 4 cm and 80% effaced, and a fetal station of −2. Results of bedside abdominal ultrasonography and Leopold maneuvers estimated a fetal weight of 3100 g and demonstrated a vertex fetal position. This patient’s prenatal course thus far had been unremarkable, and she had no notable medical history. The patient had an elective cesarean delivery in Egypt 2 years previously, which left a low transverse scar with an uncertain indication.
After discussing the risks and benefits, the patient requested TOLAC. Her vital signs were stable, and she had a calculated BMI of 20. An OSE revealed that L1-5 were neutral, rotated right, sidebent left, and no uterine Chapman points were identified. Complete blood cell count revealed hemoglobin and hematocrit levels to be 10.2 g/dL and 30.0%, respectively. This patient was promptly transferred to a birthing room, and MFR was performed on the previous cesarean scar and lumbar and sacral anchors until strain was released. During her labor course, MFR was performed on the previous scar every 4 hours in latent labor and every 2 hours in active labor (defined as ≥5 cm cervical dilation).
Eight hours after the patient was admitted and progressed through labor, she had an uncomplicated vaginal delivery of a 3150-g neonate with Apgar scores of 9/9 at 1 and 5 minutes over an intact perineum. During delivery, the amniotic sac ruptured with clear amniotic fluid. A first-degree laceration discovered in the midline of the vagina was repaired and noted to have adequate hemostasis. The placenta was spontaneously delivered 15 minutes after the neonate was delivered and was found to be intact with an intact, 3-vessel umbilical cord. Total estimated blood loss at this time was 300 mL. Osteopathic manipulative treatment consisting of MFR of the previous cesarean scar, rib raising, paraspinal inhibition, and pectoral retraction was performed after transfer to the postpartum unit. Postpartum hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were 9.8 g/dL and 29.7%, respectively.
Four weeks after delivery, the patient presented for postpartum follow-up with her husband and had no complaint. An OSE was performed and revealed that L1-5 were neutral, rotated right, sidebent left, and the sacrum was rotated right on the right occiput anterior. No uterine Chapman points were identified. Myofascial release of the cesarean scar and lumbar and sacral anchors was performed until strain was released.
A 24-year-old woman (gravida 2, para 1) with an unconfirmed gestational age presented to the Emergency Department with complaints of vaginal bleeding and cramping. The patient denied passage of clots, severe abdominal and flank pain, dizziness, shortness of breath, or syncope. Her vital signs were stable, and she had a BMI of 22. A pelvic and speculum examination revealed approximately 2 mL of dark red blood in the vaginal vault with a closed cervical os. An OSE was performed and revealed that T10-12 were rotated right, sidebent left; L1-5 were rotated left, sidebent left; and the sacrum was rotated left on left occiput anterior. No Chapman points were identified. The patient’s β-hCG levels were 4909 mIU/mL. A complete blood cell count revealed hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of 9.6 g/dL and 28.6%, respectively.
Results from transvaginal ultrasonography (
Figure 2) revealed an endometrial stripe of 1 cm in thickness without abnormal fluid or vascularity and an abnormally positioned ectopic gestational sac with the fetal pole and yolk sac in the lower uterine segment adherent to the previous cesarean scar. The mean diameter of the gestational sac was 0.79 cm, which corresponded to a gestational age of 5 weeks and 3 days; however, the fetal pole was 0.3 cm, which corresponded to a gestational age of 5 weeks and 6 days. The fetal heart rate was 92 beats/min. A magnetic resonance image without contrast (
Figure 2) revealed an early gestational sac measuring 2.2×2.0 cm implanted in the anterior aspect of the lower uterine segment infiltrating into the previous cesarean scar without complete perforation of the uterus and no extension into the urinary bladder.
These results along with the risks and benefits of various treatments were discussed with the patient, and she was treated with intramuscular methotrexate. Myofascial release was performed on the previous cesarean scar and lumbar and sacral anchors until strain was released, and 50 mg/m2 of methotrexate was administered intramuscularly. The patient was instructed to return on treatment day 2 and treatment day 7 to check β-hCG levels. This patient did not return for follow-up on day 2, and her follow-up on day 7 revealed that her β-hCG level decreased less than 15%. The patient was without complaint. She was instructed to return for follow-up on a weekly basis to ensure appropriate decrease of her β-hCG level and monitor for any complications. She continued routine follow-up appointments for 2 months, at which point her β-hCG level was less than 5%. A levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device was subsequently placed per her request.
Although the protocol was successfully used in the 4 cases, limitations exist. First, because Pfannenstiel incisions were used in these cases, any recommendation can apply only to this incision type. Additionally, each of the patients had a BMI of 22 or less; overweight and obese patients may have little to no benefit from these procedures. Nevertheless, experienced osteopathic physicians should be able to perform OMT on most patients.
The protocol must be subject to randomized controlled trials to make definitive conclusions regarding the risks and benefits of OMT for primary cesarean deliveries, repeated cesarean deliveries, TOLAC, and cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies that are managed with systemic methotrexate. Because of the limited sample size and insufficient numbers needed to treat, the successful outcomes may have been a coincidence. Further studies with a larger sample size and randomization are needed.