The 3 written assessments—preworkshop, postworkshop, and retention—tested baseline knowledge, immediate knowledge acquisition, and knowledge retention, respectively. These assessments consisted of 10 COMLEX-USA–style, multiple-choice, case-based items that assessed knowledge of cervical segmental diagnosis (3 items), muscle energy treatment steps appropriate for a specific cervical diagnosis (4 items), general principles of muscle energy technique (2 items), and musculoskeletal anatomy of the cervical spine (1 item); 3 items in each assessment assessed higher-order reasoning. All 3 written assessments included the same number of items in each category, but the items were different for each assessment. The students recorded their answers on scannable forms, which were returned to the principal investigator for scoring. One point was awarded for each correct answer, for a possible maximum of 10 points. Scores were also calculated for the 4 categories and for the higher-order reasoning items.