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Original Contribution  |   July 2006
Treatment and Prevention Practices in Postmenopausal Women After Bone Mineral Density Screening at a Community-Based Osteoporosis Project
Christine I. Rohr, DO; John M. Clements, MPA; Arup Sarkar, MD
Author Notes
  • From the Departments of Medical Education (Rohr, Clements); Research (Clements); and Family Medicine (Sarkar), Synergy Medical Education Alliance, Saginaw, Mich. 
  • Address correspondence to John M. Clements, MPA, Director of Research and Educational Programs, Synergy Medical Education Alliance, 1000 Houghton Ave, Saginaw, MI 48602-5303. E-mail: jclements@synergymedical.org 
Article Information
Neuromusculoskeletal Disorders / Obstetrics and Gynecology / Preventive Medicine
Original Contribution   |   July 2006
Treatment and Prevention Practices in Postmenopausal Women After Bone Mineral Density Screening at a Community-Based Osteoporosis Project
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, July 2006, Vol. 106, 396-401. doi:https://doi.org/10.7556/jaoa.2006.106.7.396
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, July 2006, Vol. 106, 396-401. doi:https://doi.org/10.7556/jaoa.2006.106.7.396
Abstract

Objective: To determine the use of treatment and prevention practices in postmenopausal women who have received the results of an osteoporosis screening.

Methods: Telephone survey to follow-up with women who underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scanning at a community-wide osteoporosis screening project. Participants categorized by their scan results as having normal bone mineral density or low bone mineral density were asked about their osteoporosis treatment and prevention practices since receiving their scan results.

Results: Two hundred nineteen women were interviewed. Calcium supplement use increased significantly in both groups (P=.002). There was no significant difference in the number of women using alendronate sodium, calcitonin, and selective estrogen receptor modulators before and after screening. Both groups reported increases in exercise levels and dairy intake, but the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions: Our results indicate that the use of over-the-counter calcium supplements increases after osteoporosis screening. However, the use of treatments that require a physician prescription does not increase after screening regardless of the patient's bone mineral density status.

The availability and declining cost of reliable bone mineral density (BMD) tests, such as dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), has enhanced the ability of primary care physicians to screen for and diagnose osteoporosis and osteopenia. Promising medical treatments for patients with low BMD provide further incentive to carry out BMD screening in the populations most at risk.1–8 
Osteoporosis screening in the older female population through community centers, living facilities, and health fairs is an effective tool in identifying low BMD in women at high risk for osteoporosis and osteopenia.9 To gain the maximum advantage from such screening programs, patients must be made aware of the importance of following up a diagnosis of low BMD with their primary care physicians to determine the best treatment and prevention options. In addition, the primary care physician should initiate a treatment plan involving appropriate recommendations for lifestyle modification and/or pharmacologic intervention. 
Previous studies have been at odds as to whether a diagnosis of low BMD is an effective incentive for patients to follow up with their primary care physicians for treatment guidelines. In a review of studies examining clinical practices in osteoporosis treatment, Siris et al10 reported that physicians in general are not evaluating patients with fractures for osteoporosis, nor are they prescribing calcium, vitamin D, or pharmacologic therapy to reduce future risk of fracture. The authors further reported that only 5% to 39% of patients with fractures received appropriate screening and treatment for osteoporosis despite clinical guidelines supporting the use of therapy.10 Noncompliance with recommendations after densitometry can make widespread screening ineffective and inefficient.10 We hypothesize that a large number of women who have received a diagnosis of either osteoporosis or osteopenia do not receive the follow-up care or guidance needed to prevent fractures. 
The purpose of our study was to determine what, if any, action was taken by patients after being screened for osteoporosis. 
Methods
We undertook a telephone-based follow-up survey of postmenopausal women who had participated in a large community-based osteoporosis screening project that was conducted by our group.9 Subjects were from the general public and self-referred when the screening was made available at local senior centers, living facilities, and health fairs. The original study was conducted to increase access to BMD testing in the elderly population. Bone mineral density testing and counseling on osteoporosis and osteopenia were provided to 635 female residents of senior facilities from January through December 1999. Screening was conducted using DEXA. Patients were assessed for risk, screened for BMD, and referred for follow-up care. In addition to diagnostic assessment, patients received lifestyle counseling, recommendations for calcium intake, and recommendations for follow-up with their primary care physicians for treatment or prevention practices. 
Between August and November 2001, we conducted a follow-up study of the community-based screening project, approved by the institutional review board of Synergy Medical Education Alliance (Saginaw, Mich). We contacted subjects by telephone to obtain current information on their progress since the screening. The present study focused on the postmenopausal women who were found to have either normal or low BMD based on the following t score classifications of low BMD from the World Health Organization11: 
  • normal BMD: ≥1
  • osteopenia: <–1 to >–2.5
  • osteoporosis: ≤–2.5
We categorized the women into two groups according to their screening results: normal BMD and low BMD (ostopenia or osteoporosis). Questions assessed whether the participants had engaged in any osteoporosis treatment or prevention practices since receiving the screening results, including use of over-the-counter calcium supplements, physician-prescribed medications (alendronate sodium, calcitonin, hormone replacement therapy [HRT], and selective estrogen receptor modulators), and dairy intake and exercise. We compared the data from the initial screening project with the data collected during the follow-up survey. (There were no baseline data on dairy intake and exercise.) Data were analyzed using a Pearson χ2 test to determine the significance of differences in nominal data between proportions of two groups. 
Results
A follow-up telephone survey was administered to 234 older women (age range, 59-86 years; mean, 74.9 years) who participated in the initial BMD screening program. We were able to obtain status and follow-up information for 219 of the 234 women. The normal BMD group comprised 77 (35.2%) women, and the low BMD group comprised 142 (64.8%) women. 
Women With Normal Bone Mineral Density
In the group with normal BMD, there was a statistically significant increase in calcium supplement use (P=.002), from 28 (37%) taking calcium supplements before the screening to 47 (61.6%) taking them after the screening. The use of HRT decreased, but the decrease was not significant (24 [30.7%] before screening vs 17 [22.7%] after screening; P=.07). There was no significant difference in the number of women using alendronate, calcitonin, and selective estrogen receptor modulators before and after screening. With regard to exercise and dairy intake, though we did not have baseline data for comparison, as noted, 30 (39%) women reported an increase in exercise, and 12 (15.5%) reported an increase in dairy intake since the screening (Figure 1). 
Women With Low Bone Mineral Density
As in the group with normal BMD, there was a significant increase in the use of calcium supplements in women with low BMD (64 [45.4%] vs 111 [78.5%]; P=.001). The decrease in HRT use in this group was statistically significant (30 [21%] vs 9 [6.3%]; P=.003). There was no significant difference in the number of women using alendronate, calcitonin, and selective estrogen receptor modulators before and after screening. Finally, 44 (31%) women in this group reported an increase in exercise, and 33 (23%) reported an increase in dairy intake (Figure 2). 
Results for Entire Cohort
Overall, there was a statistically significant increase in the use of calcium supplementation (92 [42.1%] before screening vs 156 [71.3%] after screening; P<.001). The use of HRT decreased significantly (P<.001) after screening, with just 25 (11.7%) women using HRT compared with 52 (23.9%) before screening. In addition, women with normal BMD were significantly more likely to report HRT use than those with low BMD (17 [22.7%] vs 9 [6.3%]; P<.001). There was no significant difference in the use of alendronate, calcitonin, and selective estrogen receptor modulators before and after screening. Although we did not have a baseline for comparison, 75 (34.4%) women reported an increase in exercise, and 46 (21.1%) reported an increase in dairy intake since the screening. There was no significant difference in the reported increase in exercise or dietary intake between the group with normal BMD and the group with low BMD. 
Comment
While use of HRT decreased in our cohort, the use of calcium supplementation increased in both groups and was significant for the entire cohort. During screening, nonprescription calcium supplementation was recommended to all women and emphasized to those at high risk. In addition, women with low BMD were referred to their primary care physicians for follow-up to begin prescription therapy; whether they took this step and whether they received guidance and/or prescriptions for therapy was not studied. There were no significant increases in the use of any therapy that needed a prescription. Based on these results, it appears that the immediate recommendation of nonprescription therapy is more effective in increasing compliance with treatment and prevention. A question for additional studies is whether patients would be more likely to use prescription therapy if prescriptions were given as soon as screening results were obtained. If other prevention or treatment strategies were as readily available to the public without a physician prescription or physician oversight, we probably would have seen increases in their use as well. 
Figure 1.
Women with normal bone mineral density (n=77). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
Women with normal bone mineral density (n=77). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
View Original  |  Slide (.ppt)
Figure 1.
Women with normal bone mineral density (n=77). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
Women with normal bone mineral density (n=77). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
View Original  |  Slide (.ppt)
Participants reported a statistically significant decrease in HRT use after receiving the results of their BMD scan even though HRT as prevention or treatment for low BMD has been shown to reduce bone loss and increase BMD in the spine and hip, thereby reducing the risk of hip and spinal fractures in postmenopausal women.12–14 It is important to note that this study took place prior to changing guidelines on HRT use, so it is unlikely that the decrease was a response to new guidelines recommending the discontinuation of HRT.15 Although we did not explore the reasons for discontinuing HRT, there are several areas for further study that could provide explanations for the decrease in HRT use that we observed. These areas include determining whether subjects understood the protective nature of HRT, whether they were concerned about side effects of HRT, whether the level of information that physicians provide to patients regarding the importance of therapy is adequate, and whether patients felt continued HRT use was necessary as they aged. 
There was no statistically significant increase in the use of prescription therapy, probably because the physicians participating in the screening project relied on participants to make appointments with their primary care physicians for follow-up. Either the patients did not take this step or their physicians did not adequately prescribe treatment. 
There may be several reasons why patients do not engage in treatment or prevention practices after receiving their screening results. We did not investigate the financial status of our patients, but it may be possible that some individuals were not financially able to bear the costs of following up with physicians or paying for prescriptions. It may be possible that patients were not motivated to follow-up because they did not understand the results of the screening or the importance of therapy. This issue could be resolved by providing more extensive patient education on osteoporosis. Finally, physicians may not attend to cases of osteoporosis properly, an often underdiagnosed and undertreated disease.10,16,17 
Figure 2.
Women with low bone mineral density (n=142). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
Women with low bone mineral density (n=142). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
View Original  |  Slide (.ppt)
Figure 2.
Women with low bone mineral density (n=142). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
Women with low bone mineral density (n=142). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
View Original  |  Slide (.ppt)
The issue of compliance is one that needs to be addressed both in physician practice and in patient behavior. Andrade et al16 undertook a study to document the rate of patient treatment following fracture and subsequent diagnosis of osteoporosis. They reported that of 3492 women older than 60 years with a fragility fracture, only 24% received treatment for osteoporosis in the year following the fracture. In addition, they found that increasing age was significantly associated with a decrease in the recommendation and use of therapy.16 Another study identifying treatment practices in patients with acute hip fracture reported that only 3.5% of patients were treated for osteoporosis.17 
Hsieh et al18 found that few women take measures to prevent osteoporosis despite believing that it is a serious condition. Ryan et al19 studied compliance with recommendations to use HRT in postmenopausal women following screening for osteoporosis. Their results indicate that screening leads to an immediate increase in HRT use among women who are at high risk for osteoporosis. However, they also found that 40% of women with low BMD were not using HRT at an 8-month follow-up as recommended by their physicians. The current controversy and recommendations on the use of HRT may make HRT a less likely treatment for osteoporosis. Ryan et al19 conclude that screening should not be widely recommended until improved compliance with recommendations is demonstrated. 
Studies have also shown that screening increases compliance. Torgenson et al20 studied the effect of an osteoporosis screening program on HRT use. They found that screening for low BMD in a sample of perimenopausal women significantly increased their use of HRT. Papaioannou et al21 examined decisions made by women at risk for osteoporosis-related fractures who were educated about HRT and who were also counseled about their BMD screening results. Their findings indicate that a combination of education on HRT and BMD is significantly associated with an increase in the use of HRT and other osteoporosis preventive medications. Hsieh et al18 found that women who were actively worrying about developing osteoporosis were more likely to be engaged in preventive behavior. Fitt et al22 found that effective communication by physicians to help patients understand the results of bone densitometry is a critical component in the initiation of therapy after densitometry. The authors also found that the use of HRT and bisphosphonates by women increases after they receive a diagnosis of osteoporosis from bone densitometry screening. 
Figure 3.
Entire study population (N=219). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
Entire study population (N=219). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
View Original  |  Slide (.ppt)
Figure 3.
Entire study population (N=219). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
Entire study population (N=219). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
View Original  |  Slide (.ppt)
Future studies by our group will be aimed at discovering physician and patient attitudes about osteoporosis and the importance of treatment and prevention. Results of these investigations may be used to determine if there is a better way to educate physicians and patients about low BMD and treatment and prevention practices. 
While screening programs have proven effective in identifying patients with low BMD, whether it leads to the initiation of therapy should be a factor in evaluating the efficacy of such programs. Combining public health education with readily available treatment options should be integral parts of effective screening programs and will likely lead to increased patient compliance. 
 This study was presented as a poster presentation at the American Public Health Association's 131st Annual Meeting in San Francisco, Calif, on November 19, 2003.
 
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Figure 1.
Women with normal bone mineral density (n=77). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
Women with normal bone mineral density (n=77). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
View Original  |  Slide (.ppt)
Figure 1.
Women with normal bone mineral density (n=77). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
Women with normal bone mineral density (n=77). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
View Original  |  Slide (.ppt)
Figure 2.
Women with low bone mineral density (n=142). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
Women with low bone mineral density (n=142). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
View Original  |  Slide (.ppt)
Figure 2.
Women with low bone mineral density (n=142). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
Women with low bone mineral density (n=142). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
View Original  |  Slide (.ppt)
Figure 3.
Entire study population (N=219). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
Entire study population (N=219). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
View Original  |  Slide (.ppt)
Figure 3.
Entire study population (N=219). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
Entire study population (N=219). Patient compliance with recommended osteoporosis treatment and preventive therapies. HRT indicates hormone replacement therapy; SERMs, selective estrogen receptor modulators. The asterisk [*] indicates that there were no baseline values for exercise and dairy intake.
View Original  |  Slide (.ppt)