Cigarette use is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States.
1 One of the national health objectives for 2010 is to reduce the prevalence of current cigarette use among high school students to less than 16% (objective No. 27-2b).
1 To examine changes in cigarette use among high school students in the United States during 1991–2003, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) analyzed data from the national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that although (1) the prevalence of lifetime cigarette use was stable among high school students during the 1990s and (2) the prevalence of both current and current frequent cigarette use increased into the late 1990s, all three behaviors had declined significantly by 2003. Prevention efforts must be sustained to ensure this pattern continues and the 2010 objective is achieved.
The national YRBS, a component of CDC's Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, used independent three-stage cluster samples for the 1991–2003 surveys to obtain cross-sectional data representative of public and private school students in grades 9 through 12 in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. During 1991–2003, sample sizes ranged from 10,904 to 16,296, school response rates ranged from 70% to 81%, student response rates ranged from 83% to 90%, and overall response rates ranged from 60% to 70%. For each cross-sectional national survey, students completed an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire that included identically worded questions about cigarette use.
For this analysis, temporal changes for three behaviors were assessed:
Data were weighted to provide national estimates, and SUDAAN was used for all data analyses. Temporal changes were analyzed by using logistic regression analyses that assessed linear and quadratic time effects simultaneously and controlled for sex, race/ethnicity, and grade. Quadratic trends indicated significant but nonlinear trends in the data over time. When a significant quadratic trend accompanied a significant linear trend, the data demonstrated a nonlinear variation (eg, leveling off or change in direction) in addition to an overall increase or decrease over time. T-tests were used to examine differences in current cigarette use in 2003 by sex, race/ethnicity, and grade. All results are statistically significant (P<.05) unless otherwise noted.
Significant linear and quadratic trends were detected for lifetime and current cigarette use. The prevalence of lifetime cigarette use, although stable during the 1990s, declined significantly, from 70.4% in 1999 to 58.4% in 2003 (
Table 1). The prevalence of current cigarette use increased from 27.5% in 1991 to 36.4% in 1997 and then declined significantly to 21.9% in 2003. A significant quadratic trend was detected for current frequent cigarette use; the prevalence increased from 12.7% in 1991 to 16.7% in 1997 and 16.8% in 1999, then declined significantly to 9.7% in 2003.
Significant linear and quadratic trends were detected in current cigarette use among both sexes (
Table 2). Among female students, the prevalence of current cigarette use peaked during 1997–1999 and then declined significantly to 21.9% in 2003. Among male students, the prevalence of current cigarette use peaked in 1997 and then declined significantly to 21.8% in 2003. Similarly, among white, white female, Hispanic, Hispanic female, Hispanic male, and 9th- and 11th-grade students, current cigarette use prevalence peaked by 1997 and then declined significantly in 2003. Significant quadratic trends were detected among white male, black, black female, black male, and 10th- and 12th-grade students, indicating that the prevalence of current cigarette use peaked by 1999 and then declined significantly.
During 2003, white students were significantly more likely than black and Hispanic students to report current cigarette use. More white female students than black and Hispanic female students and more Hispanic female than black female students reported current cigarette use. The prevalence of current cigarette use was not significantly different among white, black, and Hispanic male students. By grade level, significantly more 10th-, 11th-, and 12th-grade students than 9th-grade students and more 12th-grade than 10th-grade students reported current cigarette use.
Reported by: Office on Smoking and Health; Div of Adolescent and School Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC.